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Creating superheroes is pretty cool. You can just close your eyes, think of literally any skill that would be awesome to have, et voilà! You have a character that can fly using the force of their own farts.

Or, you know, some other fancier scientific explanation, because the fun thing about superheroes, multiverses, time travel and all that, while they’re not necessarily real in the sense of Earth’s physical laws, the most of them are still rooted in some way. in science and scientific theories of our universe. Except maybe King Shark. What the hell is that guy? Anyway, here are four more questions about superheroes and their powers that can at least be explained in a way that isn’t just “sky god magic.”

4 How Does Thor’s Hammer Work?

It’s been a contentious debate turned long-running MCU joke: Who can lift Thor’s hammer and why? How can a hunk of metal possess the ability to consider a person worthy other than the simplified answer of “the comics say so?” Not to mention, the most powerful hammer in the MCU seems to bestow that “worthy” title on anyone from Loki to a superhero whose special power is talking to squirrels.

“The unbeatable Squirrel Girl hits the Marvel Universe” (2016) / Marvel To see also : The US is in turmoil this July 4, but many see reason to celebrate.

In 2013, a scientist named Neil deGrasse Tyson assessed how heavy Thor’s magical Mjölnir might be, thinking it might be made of neutron star matter.

Of course, as another scientist pointed out, Tyson assumed that the mallet was made from the core of a dying star rather than simply inside that core. What we do know is that the hammer is made of Uru, a fictional metal from Asgard, and according to a Marvel trading card from the ’90s, it weighs exactly 42.3 pounds. That’s about the weight of a large elephant’s heart. Clearly, then, the question of who can lift it can’t be explained by weight alone, a fact that Tony Stark quickly picked up on in that scene from Avengers: Age of Ultron where everyone looks like the gang from a U2 gang.

Minnesota physics professor James Kakalios has come up with a cool physics explanation that can explain Mjölnir’s power through gravitons. In quantum theory, forces are explained in terms of “exchange particles,” which are basically particles that are thrown from one place to another. When it comes to the force of gravity, these particles are called gravitons, and although they haven’t been discovered yet, many scientists believe they exist. Kakalios says that they could potentially be present in the advanced realm of Asgard, and that these gravitons are inside Thor’s hammer.

According to Kakalios, Iron Man is correct: the hammer has some sort of magical key that can deem someone worthy (somehow), but it can also detect applied force. When an unworthy person wraps their hands around Mjölnir’s handle, the hammer calculates and then emits additional gravitons needed to balance the force acting on it, making it look like they’re trying to lift an island of elephants. Here is Kakalios’s explanation in numbers:

“Let’s say the hammer weighs 40 pounds. You exert a 40-pound force on the table, and the table is pushed back by a 40-pound weight. So the hammer doesn’t move. He then tries to lift it off the table with a force of 80 pounds. You should be able to because 80 on top is greater than 40 on bottom. But if the hammer at that moment knows how much force you’re exerting, it could emit gravitons, so it now weighs 80 pounds. Your 80 and his 80 balance each other out. The moment you let go of it, it stops emitting the gravitons and it’s back to 40 pounds, which means it can sit on the table just fine.”

Of course, anyone who has read The Indestructible Hulk #8 will already know this, as Bruce Banner referenced the Kakalios theory:

“The Indestructible Hulk #8” / Marvel

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3 How Does Superman Fly?

Birds fly because they have wings. Airplanes fly because they have metal wings and engines. Superman is an alien from the planet Krypton who can fly without any of these things. So how does he do it? Multiple theories abound. Read also : Top 7 Special Female Comedians to Stream on Netflix (VIDEO). In the early comics, Supes did not yet have the ability to fly and could only jump great distances when he wanted to. The reason given was that the gravity of the massive planet Krypton was so strong that Kryptonians were born with anti-gravity organs, allowing them to walk around without being crushed by all that gravitational pull. Put a Kryptonian on Earth with its much weaker gravity, and you can basically defy it (that’s the explanation), but that would mean Clark Kent would be bouncing around like an astronaut on the Moon.

“Man of Steel,” Warner Bros. Pictures

There’s a theory that because Superman is so incredibly strong, it’s the force he can exert that makes him swoosh! all the way into space. So basically it’s Newton’s third law of motion in action. All of this is illustrated in Man of Steel: from Superman initially just bouncing around, to him exerting his strength.

The problem with this explanation, however, is that if it really is just Supes’s force that’s at work here, then the ground beneath him would completely collapse. Louisiana physics professor Rhett Allain compared it to the gigantic hopping Hulk in The Avengers, saying that both the Hulk and Superman would not create lift but sink into the ground as if they were trying to jump over “soft mud.”

One hypothetical theory that could explain how Super Spandex flies and also how its strength works is negative mass. According to the laws of negative mass theory, matter will react in the opposite way to the applied force: if you push on it, it will move backwards, not forwards. This could explain why Superman’s powers can decrease or increase depending on who he’s fighting, because negative mass will only resist the force applied to it. If Superman wants to fly, he can convert the air pressure around him into negative mass, causing the air molecules to create the thrust and lift he needs to move forward and up.

Or, you know, the answer lies in those silly glasses.

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2 How Can Nightcrawler Teleport?

Ah, Nightcrawler. Our special devilish looking circus monkey that can teleport from the sofa to. Read also : Briefly about weekend sports… another sofa. Sure, he can travel greater distances – the farthest he’s ever teleported on his own without help (and before his resurrection) was 50 miles (80 km), but boy, does that drive him crazy, because our boy isn’t really CrossFit. write.

“Incredible X-Men Vol. 1: The Search for Nightcrawler” / Marvel

According to the comics, when Nightcrawler disappears and leaves behind that puff of smoke, he enters the Brimstone Dimension, an alternate realm that later allows him to go through a kind of portal to appear again where he determines. Scientists explain this ability through Quantum Tunneling, the quantum mechanical phenomenon that sees subatomic particles pass through a barrier without adhering to our standard scientific laws.

Which, yes, that’s exactly what it does, but how? Does his body disintegrate or dissolve into small pieces only to be recreated on the other side of the barrier? Is it a crazy process like in The Prestige, and there’s actually an entire kingdom filled with millions of Nightcrawlers? That… would be amazing and would fit what quantum mechanics tells us: in theory, we can “teleport” matter from one place to another by transferring quantum information. It basically means that if we can extract the properties of an object, things like its position and momentum, we can send that information somewhere else and recreate an identical copy of that object.

That might sound like an oversimplified answer, because you can bet your ass it is. See, there’s this Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle that says it’s impossible to know the position and momentum of a particle at the same time. Then that theory becomes much more difficult to put into practice. Another possibility can be found in quantum entanglement, which is a kind of scientific theory that actually feels magical (even to scientists), but can get around the problem of not knowing a property of one particle by looking at another in the same. cluster. It’s all very scientific, but the point is that quantum entanglement can potentially lead to knowledge and eventual transfer of quantum information.

In practice, this would take an incredible amount of energy to happen, hence our violet monkey elf’s extreme exhaustion every time he has to do it. Except when he’s really mad, but that’s just adrenaline speaking.

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1 Who’s The Most Powerful: Superman Or Ant-Man?

You didn’t expect to see this question, did you? Most people’s first reaction would probably be “Superman, duh.” Then everyone would remember the whole Ant-Man debate “in the butt,” a possibility so cleverly demonstrated (and slightly altered) in The Boys’ final season. So, um, yeah. Does that mean Ant-Man is more powerful than Superman? Yes, dear reader, apparently it is, but not because of the fact that it can potentially exploit a person from within said person. And it has been totally inside a person.

“Irredeemable Ant-Man” (2006) #10 / Marvel

Dr. Spiros Michalakis, a quantum physicist at the California Institute of Technology, reasons that Ant-Man might not only be stronger than Supes, but also the strongest superhero in history. Michalakis was a consultant on the Ant-Man movie, learning a lot about Marvel’s diminutive and hilarious super in the process. So much so that, a year later, he wrote a blog in which he said the following:

“If one could go to a place where the laws of physics as we know them were not yet formed, to a place where the arrow of time was broken and the fabric of space was not yet woven, the powers of such a master of the quantum realm would only be limited by their ability to return to the same (or similar) reality from which they departed. All of the Marvel and DC Comics superheroes combined wouldn’t stand a chance against Ant-Man with a malfunctioning regulator.”

“Ant-Man and the Wasp” / Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures

Michalakis explains that all superheroes, even Superman, who is Kryptonian and can defy human science, still have to work within our world and its physical limitations. Except Ant-Man. The argument is that while Superman can defy gravity, Ant-Man can use the quantum code to manipulate it, potentially crushing Superman in the process.

“Gravity, as Einstein said, is nothing more than the curvature of space-time. The curvature of space-time is the curvature of something we call a manifold, like a 4-dimensional structure like a sphere or a globe. So if you understand that and manipulate it, you can change the curvature of space-time. Thus, changing gravity. What I’m saying is that potentially understanding the quantum code that the curvature of space-time comes from could manipulate it to increase or decrease it.”

So while Superman can lift 200 quintillion tons, Ant-Man could bend the laws of everything and crush Supes with 201 quintillion tons. Michalakis goes so far as to say that the little superhero who can probably drown in someone’s saliva could even create a black hole. “Could Superman escape from the black hole? Probably not. Then the game is over.

You can find Zanandi here and also here.

Miniature: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures / 20th Century Studios

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