High school seniors who played contact sports appeared to be the most likely to abuse prescription stimulants while in school, and up to 10 years after graduating.
According to researchers at the University of Michigan, high school seniors who play sports have been suggested to be more likely than non-athletes to misuse prescription stimulants in young adulthood. Among 12th graders who play sports, contact sport athletes are even more likely to misuse prescriptions than non-contact sport athletes, according to the findings of the study.
“Misuse of prescription opioids was higher for respondents who participated in contact sports during 12th grade. However, participation in this type of sport was not associated with -beginning of this type of drug use in young adulthood,” said lead author Philip Veliz, PhD, research associate professor at the University of Michigan School of Nursing (U-M ), in a press release.
Since 2010, rates of misuse of prescription opioids and stimulants have declined among adolescents, Veliz said. Regulations that resulted in this reduced use were implemented during the middle of the study, which took place from 2006 to 2017, and Veliz said this had an impact on the study’s findings.
“However, this study found that some types of pre-high school athletes are at greater risk of abusing these drugs and starting them during early adulthood (between ages 19 and 21) ,” Veliz explained in the press release.
The researchers drew from more than ten years of data collected for the Monitoring the Future study. Among 4,772 US high school seniors, about 31% overall indicated that they abused prescription drugs at least once between the ages of 17 and 18. In relation to contact sport participation, the percentage of year 12 students who indicated past year misuse of prescription stimulants was 11%, increasing to around 18% from ages 21 to 22.
The data came from students playing high contact sports (soccer, ice hockey, lacrosse, wrestling), semi-contact sports (baseball, basketball, field hockey, soccer) and non-contact sports. ‘ contact (cross country, gymnastics, swimming, tennis, track). , volleyball, weightlifting).
In the study, Veliz said he was surprised that athletes in non-contact sports were more likely to begin misuse of stimulants during childhood. Non-contact sports may have a culture of self-control or an aversion to physical harm, but participants in these sports can still be very competitive, Veliz said in the press release.
Other studies have found that young adults who participate in non-contact sports may be more academically inclined. These teenagers may see athletics as rebuilders for college applications and may falsely believe that stimulants can boost academic, as well as physical, performance.
“The findings strengthen screening during adolescence as nearly 1 in 3 high school seniors engage in prescription drug abuse,” Sean Esteban McCabe, PhD, senior author and director of the Center for -Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health (DASH) at the University of Michigan School of Nursing, said in a press release. “An increase in the misuse of prescription stimulants after high school warrants continued monitoring during childhood, especially among athletes.”
High school athletes in contact sports most likely to misuse prescription stimulants over 20 years. News release. University of Michigan Institute for Health Policy & Innovation. August 10, 2022. Accessed August 15, 2022. https://ihpi.umich.edu/news/high-school-athletes-contact-sports-likely-misuse-prescription-stimulants-throughout-their- 20s
What is negative reinforcement AP Psychology?
negative reinforcement. Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. To see also : Summer, Science and Drosophila: A New Program Creates Future Scientists. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement AP Psych? Therefore, when a behavior is positively reinforced, it means that something (usually something pleasant) is presented to increase the likelihood that the behavior will happen again. When something is negatively reinforced, something is removed (usually unpleasant) to encourage that behavior to occur again.
What is negative reinforcement with example?
Behaviors are negatively reinforced when they allow you to escape from aversive stimuli that are already present or allow you to completely avoid aversive stimuli before they occur. Deciding to take an antacid before partaking in a spicy meal is an example of negative reinforcement.
What is negative reinforcement in psychology?
Negative reinforcement is a method that can be used to help teach specific behaviors. With negative reinforcement, something uncomfortable or otherwise unpleasant is removed in response to a stimulus. See the article : My lack of athletic talent was only surpassed by my lack of interest, but now I’m a sports dad. Over time, the target behavior should increase with the expectation that the unpleasant thing will be removed.
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
A child screams whenever they are offered macaroni and cheese during a meal. When they cry, their parents immediately take the food. To see also : Netflix publishes Dave Chappelle’s speech criticizing the transphobic joke on Alma Mater. Every time macaroni and cheese is offered, the child increases and the parents give up.
What is the negative reinforcement quiz? Negative reinforcement involves the termination, reduction or postponement of a stimulus contingent on the occurrence of a response, leading to an increase in the future occurrence of that response.
What is an example of a negative reinforcement?
Deciding to take an antacid before partaking in a spicy meal is an example of negative reinforcement. You take action to avoid a negative outcome. One of the best ways to remember negative reinforcement is to think of it as something that is being subtracted from the situation.
What is an example of negative reinforcement quizlet?
Escape and avoidance conditioning are examples of negative reinforcement… behavior is reinforced by reducing/removing something “bad” or aversive.
What is positive reinforcement quizlet?
Positive Reinforcement. (add something) works by presenting or motivating/reinforcing a stimulus to the person after the desired behavior has been exhibited, making the behavior more likely to occur in the future.
What is positive reinforcement? Positive reinforcement refers to the introduction of a desired or pleasant stimulus after a behavior. The desired stimulus reinforces the behavior, making it more likely that the behavior will occur again.
What is an example of positive reinforcement quizlet?
Compliment or treat the child for a job well done. You pay for a completed job. Watch your favorite TV show after doing all your homework.
What are positive reinforcers quizlet?
Positive Reinforcer. An event that, when presented immediately after a behavior, causes the behavior to increase in frequency or likelihood of occurrence.
