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US climate correspondents John Kerry and China’s Xie Zhenhua at last year’s climate convention in Glasgow, UKCredit: Alberto Pezzali / AP / Shutterstock

Chinese President Xi Jinping, who has granted himself a third five-year term as the leader of his country, has moved science to the center of his presidency. At the 20th Communist Party Congress in late October, he declared that China must “consider science and technology as our main productive force, talent as our primary resource and innovation as our main engine of growth” . To underscore this ambition, 6 of the 25 recently announced Politburo members have a scientific background. This compares to one in the previous iteration.

Science flourished in the first decade of Xi’s power. In addition, the past two decades have seen a welcome expansion of international collaborations, particularly with US researchers. It now appears to be ending, largely due to mounting tensions between the two nations. This comes at a time when the world, particularly future generations, is in dire need of these two giants to work together.

China’s rise in science and technology is remarkable. The seeds were planted 35 years ago, in the era of Premier Deng Xiaoping, and the country now produces more research publications than any other. Its gross research and development (R&D) expenditure has increased from 1.9% of gross domestic product to 2.4% in the last decade alone. China spent more than $ 550 billion on research and development in 2020 (adjusted for purchasing power parity), twice as much as in 2012. Between that and the states’ $ 650 billion R&D budget. United, the two countries currently spend more than half of the world’s total of $ 1.7 trillion.

But after flourishing in the early 2000s, China-US partnerships stabilized in 2020 and have been in decline ever since (“see Double Affiliation”), as previously reported by Nature. The COVID-19 pandemic is one factor (especially China’s zero-COVID policy), but the tensions between the two governments, as well as between China and the European Union, are another. These have been building for some years now. As China continues on its path to becoming the largest economy in the world, the United States sees it not only as an economic threat, but also as a military one, which China denies.

Source: J. Baas / Scopus (journal and conference articles, books and review articles).

The administration of US President Joe Biden ended his predecessor’s controversial and ill-considered China Initiative, a radical policy that penalized US academics for not disclosing jobs or funding from China and led to innocent people being taken out of business. targeted by law enforcement. In other respects, the United States continues to crack down on collaborations involving digital technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI). Last month, the administration announced rules preventing US companies from exporting advanced computer chips capable of training artificial intelligence algorithms in China.

China claims to be committed to cooperation and opposes confrontation. However, its defense spending is on a steep upward trajectory. At the same time, its leadership has signaled that international collaboration is no longer a priority. In February 2020, the government announced changes to its research evaluation policy that would mean researchers would no longer have additional incentives for publication in international journals. This was reinforced in China’s latest five-year plan last March.

Cold in relationships goes beyond academic and industrial research. Last year, at the 26th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Glasgow, United Kingdom, climate envoys John Kerry of the United States and Xie Zhenhua of China announced with the world’s relief that their nations would cooperate to combat climate change. Yet, this August, China stopped this collaboration.

What does Xi Jinping’s third term mean for science

What does Xi Jinping’s third term mean for science

In addition, China chairs the upcoming conference of the parties to the United Nations Convention on Biodiversity. The summit was supposed to be held in Kunming by the end of the year, but was moved to Montreal, Canada due to China’s zero-COVID policy. It is currently unclear whether world leaders will be invited. This is not the message the world needs from a summit where a new set of goals and timetables must be agreed.

Loss of biodiversity, climate change, infectious diseases and nuclear conflicts are all cross-border threats. As Kerry told The Guardian newspaper last month, the weather “does not represent global competition. It represents a global threat to the world, of which the two largest emitters and the two largest economies could greatly benefit the world by uniting and cooperating to try to address it. “

It is naive to think that science will not be affected by a wider freeze in international relations. But when governments stop getting along, there is no need for barriers for everyone else to break down. The United States and China need to discover (or rediscover) a language of cooperation that addresses international threats while protecting their national interests. If anything, we’ve been here before. The nations involved in the Cold War understood the need for research cooperation. To this end, they founded the International Center for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Laxenburg, Austria, where Eastern and Western scientists could openly collaborate and continue. to do it.

The world of 2022 is both more interconnected and in a more precarious state than the world after 1945. We need superpowers to weather the rising storm and find creative ways to ensure that the hive mind of science can continue to buzz around. ‘unison.

What is the most common cause of death in China?

The top 5 causes of death in both China and the United States include cancer, cardiovascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease. Although these leading causes of death remain the same in both China and the United States, trends in such disease mortality in China are opposite to those in the United States.

What is the leading cause of death in Europe? The main causes of death in EU countries are circulatory diseases and various types of cancer, followed by respiratory diseases and external causes of death. Circulatory disease continues to be the leading cause of death in the EU, with around 1. This may interest you : Remarks at a UN Security Council meeting on leaks in the Nord Stream pipeline.7 million deaths in 2017, accounting for 37% of all deaths.

What is the leading cause of death in Spain?

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in Spain, accounting for 33.71% of total deaths. Within this group, ischemic heart disease is the leading cause in men (22,923 deaths). Cerebrovascular diseases are the main cause in women (21,927 deaths). In second place are cancers, which cause 25.9% of deaths.

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What are the main environmental issues in China?

According to Jared Diamond, China’s six main categories of environmental problems are: air pollution, water problems, soil problems, habitat destruction, biodiversity loss, and mega-projects. This may interest you : Two Years of Matthew Heath’s Captivity in Venezuela – US State Department.

Why does China have a huge impact on the environment? China is already the major contributor of sulfur oxides and chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere1; its dust and air pollutants are transported east to neighboring countries and even North America; and is one of the two largest timber importers in the tropical rainforest2, making it a driving force behind …

What are factors that caused China’s environmental degradation?

As the world’s largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in recent years, China suffers from known air pollution. This may interest you : Chollet Adviser’s Trip to the United Arab Emirates and Pakistan – US Department of State. Its carbon-intensive industries have caused additional environmental challenges, including water scarcity and soil contamination.

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What states will be safest from climate change?

The best states for climate change

  • Maine. …
  • Wyoming. …
  • California. …
  • Florida. …
  • Utah. …
  • South Carolina. …
  • Texas. …
  • Methodology. The states were ranked by analyzing their susceptibility to conditions caused or worsened by climate change, including droughts, floods, fires, storms and other extreme weather conditions.

Which states will be least affected by climate change? Vermont. Vermont has the lowest score on the SafeHome.org risk index, by far. Of all five measured climate change risks (extreme heat, drought, wildfires, inland flooding, coastal flooding), only extreme heat threatens Vermont. Experts believe the state will only have about nine “dangerously hot” days per year by 2050.

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Does China get earthquakes?

Both China and Iran are located in seismically active areas, have very long historical records and have had many catastrophic earthquakes.

Why is China an earthquake-prone country? China is located on the top of the Eurasian Plate, part of the Indian Plate and a small part of the Philippine Sea Plate. Being located in such an active area, China has experienced many catastrophic earthquakes throughout its history and accounts for around half of all earthquake deaths.

Are earthquakes in China common?

In fact, China is a country with many earthquakes. Since 1900, over 550,000 people have died from earthquakes in China, which represents 53% of the total earthquake fatalities worldwide.

When was the last earthquake China had?

Tectonic Summary The September 5, 2022 earthquake in China occurred as a result of a shallow fault on the western edge of the Sichuan Basin.

How many earthquakes do China have?

From a seismic point of view, China is a very active country. According to Volcano Discovery, since 1900, China has witnessed 8 earthquakes of magnitude 8.0 or greater, 150 earthquakes between 7.0 and 8.0, and 995 earthquakes between 6.0 and 7.0.

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